bakery: fix correctness, reliability, and security issues from audit

Track switches now always take effect on `update --all` instead of
silently no-op'ing or permanently refusing on strict semver comparison.
`remove` no longer aborts cleanup on the first failed binary removal,
orphaning the systemd unit. State reads/writes are now lock-protected
and go through fsync'd atomic writes (also fixes a temp-path collision
in binary installs). The index loader falls back to a stale-but-signed
cache instead of hard-failing offline. systemd units now re-fetch on
every update instead of freezing after first install. `doctor` now
flags missing recorded binaries.

Security hardening: path-traversal guard on all index-controlled
filenames, archive extraction now rejects symlink/traversal entries
before tar touches disk, archive temp files use secure unique paths,
post_install hooks are gated behind --no-hooks/confirmation, response
buffering is capped, empty-checksum downloads get a clear error, and
both stable-track CI workflows now hard-fail on a missing signing key
(matching the existing dev/rc guard) instead of silently publishing an
index next to a stale signature. gen-index.sh now publishes the index
and its signature atomically.

Also: bakery install on an already-installed package no longer
silently reinstalls/downgrades, cmd_update exits non-zero for unknown
packages, and the unused toml dependency is removed.

.forgejo/workflows/release-bakery.yml

@@ -59,7 +59,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: regenerate index.json
         env:
           MINISIGN_SEC_KEY: ${{ secrets.BAKERY_MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PATH }}
-        run: cd src && bash scripts/gen-index.sh
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          if [ -z "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY:-}" ]; then
+            echo "::error::BAKERY_MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PATH secret not set — refusing to regenerate stable index.json unsigned (would leave a stale signature mismatched against fresh content and break bakery for everyone on the stable track)"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          cd src && bash scripts/gen-index.sh
 
       - name: upload to GitHub Release
         env:

.forgejo/workflows/release-bread-theme.yml

@@ -57,7 +57,13 @@ jobs:
       - name: regenerate index.json
         env:
           MINISIGN_SEC_KEY: ${{ secrets.BAKERY_MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PATH }}
-        run: cd src && bash scripts/gen-index.sh
+        run: |
+          set -euo pipefail
+          if [ -z "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY:-}" ]; then
+            echo "::error::BAKERY_MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PATH secret not set — refusing to regenerate stable index.json unsigned (would leave a stale signature mismatched against fresh content and break bakery for everyone on the stable track)"
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          cd src && bash scripts/gen-index.sh
 
       - name: upload to GitHub Release
         env:

Cargo.lock

@@ -107,9 +107,11 @@ name = "bakery"
 version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "bread-utils",
  "chrono",
  "clap",
  "dirs",
+ "fs4",
  "hex",
  "minisign-verify",
  "semver",
@@ -117,7 +119,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "sha2",
  "tempfile",
- "toml 0.8.23",
  "ureq",
 ]
 
@@ -655,6 +656,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "percent-encoding",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fs4"
+version = "0.8.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f7e180ac76c23b45e767bd7ae9579bc0bb458618c4bc71835926e098e61d15f8"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "futures-channel"
 version = "0.3.33"
@@ -1325,6 +1336,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.4.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.12.1"
@@ -1815,6 +1832,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "semver",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "0.38.44"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
 version = "1.1.4"
@@ -1824,7 +1854,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags",
  "errno",
  "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.12.1",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
@@ -2063,7 +2093,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fastrand",
  "getrandom 0.4.3",
  "once_cell",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.1.4",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 

bakery/Cargo.toml

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ repository = "https://git.breadway.dev/Breadway/bread-ecosystem"
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
-toml = { workspace = true }
 dirs = { workspace = true }
 ureq = { workspace = true }
 sha2 = { workspace = true }
@@ -20,6 +19,6 @@ clap = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true }
 minisign-verify = { workspace = true }
 semver = { workspace = true }
-
+bread-utils = { path = "../bread-utils" }
-[dev-dependencies]
+fs4 = { version = "0.8", features = ["sync"] }
 tempfile = "3"

bakery/src/download.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ use std::path::Path;
 
 use crate::manifest::{fetch_binary, Binary};
 
-/// Download a binary to a temp path, verify its SHA-256, then atomically move
+/// Download a binary, verify its SHA-256, then atomically write it into
-/// it into place. Bails before touching `dest` if the checksum fails.
+/// place (fsynced, temp-in-same-dir-with-unique-name then rename — see
+/// `bread_utils::atomic`). Bails before touching `dest` if the checksum
+/// fails.
 pub fn fetch_and_place(binary: &Binary, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     println!("  downloading {}…", binary.name);
     let bytes = fetch_binary(&binary.dl_url, &binary.github_url)
@@ -14,20 +16,8 @@ pub fn fetch_and_place(binary: &Binary, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
     verify_sha256(&bytes, &binary.sha256)
         .with_context(|| format!("checksum mismatch for {}", binary.name))?;
 
-    if let Some(dir) = dest.parent() {
+    bread_utils::atomic::write_atomic_bytes(dest, &bytes, Some(0o755))
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("placing binary at {}", dest.display()))?;
-    }
-
-    let tmp = dest.with_extension("tmp");
-    std::fs::write(&tmp, &bytes).context("writing binary to tmp")?;
-
-    #[cfg(unix)]
-    {
-        use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt;
-        std::fs::set_permissions(&tmp, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o755))?;
-    }
-
-    std::fs::rename(&tmp, dest).context("placing binary")?;
     println!("  installed {}", dest.display());
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -38,6 +28,9 @@ pub fn fetch_and_place(binary: &Binary, dest: &Path) -> Result<()> {
 /// [`fetch_and_place`]), and config-example / systemd-unit downloads in
 /// `install.rs` — so all downloaded artifacts get the same integrity check.
 pub fn verify_sha256(bytes: &[u8], expected_hex: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if expected_hex.is_empty() {
+        bail!("index entry has no sha256 recorded — refusing to trust an unverifiable download");
+    }
     let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
     hasher.update(bytes);
     let actual = hex::encode(hasher.finalize());
@@ -80,4 +73,14 @@ mod tests {
         let hash = sha256_hex(bytes);
         assert!(verify_sha256(bytes, &hash).is_ok());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn verify_missing_sha256_gives_a_clear_error() {
+        // gen-index.sh emits an empty sha256 string when a .sha256 sidecar
+        // is missing — must not fall through to the generic mismatch
+        // message ("expected: \n actual: <hex>"), which is confusing about
+        // what actually went wrong.
+        let err = verify_sha256(b"anything", "").unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("no sha256 recorded"));
+    }
 }

bakery/src/install.rs

@@ -1,19 +1,62 @@
-use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use anyhow::{bail, Context, Result};
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Command;
 
 use crate::download::{fetch_and_place, verify_sha256};
 use crate::manifest::{fetch_binary, Package, Service};
 use crate::state::{InstalledPackage, State};
+use crate::track::Track;
 
-pub fn install_package(pkg: &Package, bin_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+/// Rejects a filename that isn't a safe single path component — no `/`,
+/// `\`, empty, `.`, or `..`. `bin.name`/`svc.unit`/`cfg.example`/`pkg.name`/
+/// `license_file`/`desktop_file`/`data_archive` all come from the
+/// minisign-verified index, so this is defense in depth (not exploitable
+/// without a compromised signing key) rather than the primary guard — but
+/// closing the path-traversal class is cheap enough to do anyway before any
+/// of these are joined onto a fixed base directory.
+fn ensure_safe_component(name: &str, what: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    if name.is_empty() || name == "." || name == ".." || name.contains('/') || name.contains('\\') {
+        bail!("refusing to install: {what} '{name}' is not a safe filename");
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Prompts `prompt [y/N] ` and returns the answer. `assume_yes` (the global
+/// `--yes` flag) skips the prompt entirely; otherwise, a non-tty stdin
+/// (CI, piped input) answers "no" rather than blocking on a read that will
+/// never resolve.
+fn confirm(prompt: &str, assume_yes: bool) -> bool {
+    if assume_yes {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if !std::io::stdin().is_terminal() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    use std::io::Write;
+    print!("{prompt} [y/N] ");
+    std::io::stdout().flush().ok();
+    let mut buf = String::new();
+    std::io::stdin().read_line(&mut buf).ok();
+    matches!(buf.trim().to_lowercase().as_str(), "y" | "yes")
+}
+
+pub fn install_package(
+    pkg: &Package,
+    bin_dir: &Path,
+    track: Track,
+    no_hooks: bool,
+    assume_yes: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure_safe_component(&pkg.name, "package name")?;
     println!("installing {}@{}…", pkg.name, pkg.version);
 
     // 1. Download and verify all binaries.
     let mut binary_names = Vec::new();
     for bin in &pkg.binaries {
+        ensure_safe_component(&bin.name, "binary name")?;
         let install_name = strip_arch_suffix(&bin.name);
-        let dest = bin_dir.join(&install_name);
+        let dest = bin_dir.join(install_name);
         fetch_and_place(bin, &dest)?;
         binary_names.push(install_name.to_string());
     }
@@ -45,46 +88,74 @@ pub fn install_package(pkg: &Package, bin_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         service_names.push(svc.unit.clone());
     }
 
-    // 7. Run post_install hooks.
+    // 7. Run post_install hooks — arbitrary `sh -c` on index-controlled
-    for cmd in &pkg.post_install {
+    // strings, so this is gated behind --no-hooks and an interactive
-        run_hook(cmd, &pkg.name)?;
+    // confirmation rather than running unconditionally.
+    if !pkg.post_install.is_empty() {
+        if no_hooks {
+            println!(
+                "  note: skipped {} post_install hook(s) for {} (--no-hooks)",
+                pkg.post_install.len(),
+                pkg.name
+            );
+        } else if confirm(
+            &format!(
+                "  run {} post_install hook(s) for {}?",
+                pkg.post_install.len(),
+                pkg.name
+            ),
+            assume_yes,
+        ) {
+            for cmd in &pkg.post_install {
+                run_hook(cmd, &pkg.name)?;
+            }
+        } else {
+            println!("  skipped post_install hooks for {} (declined)", pkg.name);
+        }
     }
 
-    // 8. Record in state.
+    // 8. Record in state, under an exclusive lock so a concurrent `bakery`
-    let mut state = State::load()?;
+    // invocation can't clobber this install's record with its own.
-    state.record(InstalledPackage {
+    State::with_lock(|state| {
-        name: pkg.name.clone(),
+        state.record(InstalledPackage {
-        version: pkg.version.clone(),
+            name: pkg.name.clone(),
-        binaries: binary_names,
+            version: pkg.version.clone(),
-        services: service_names,
+            binaries: binary_names,
-        installed_at: chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339(),
+            services: service_names,
-    });
+            installed_at: chrono::Utc::now().to_rfc3339(),
-    state.save()?;
+            track,
+        });
+        Ok(())
+    })?;
 
     println!("  {} installed successfully", pkg.name);
     warn_path_if_needed(bin_dir);
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn remove_package(pkg_name: &str, bin_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+pub fn remove_package(pkg_name: &str, bin_dir: &Path, assume_yes: bool) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut state = State::load()?;
+    let installed = State::with_lock(|state| Ok(state.remove(pkg_name)))?;
-    let installed = match state.remove(pkg_name) {
+    let installed = match installed {
         Some(p) => p,
         None => {
             eprintln!("{pkg_name} is not installed");
             return Ok(());
         }
     };
-    // Commit removal immediately — file cleanup below is best-effort.
+    // State is already committed by with_lock above — everything from here
-    state.save()?;
+    // is best-effort file cleanup, and must all run even if part of it fails.
 
-    // Remove binaries.
+    // Remove binaries. Collect failures instead of aborting on the first one
+    // so a stuck/permission-denied binary doesn't skip service removal and
+    // the config/data-preserved messages below.
+    let mut failures = Vec::new();
     for bin in &installed.binaries {
         let path = bin_dir.join(bin);
         if path.exists() {
-            std::fs::remove_file(&path)
+            match std::fs::remove_file(&path) {
-                .with_context(|| format!("removing {}", path.display()))?;
+                Ok(()) => println!("  removed {}", path.display()),
-            println!("  removed {}", path.display());
+                Err(e) => failures.push(format!("{}: {e}", path.display())),
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -93,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn remove_package(pkg_name: &str, bin_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let service_dir = systemd_user_dir();
         for unit in &installed.services {
             let unit_path = service_dir.join(unit);
-            if confirm_remove_unit(unit) {
+            if confirm_remove_unit(unit, assume_yes) {
                 let _ = Command::new("systemctl")
                     .args(["--user", "disable", "--now", unit])
                     .status();
@@ -121,6 +192,14 @@ pub fn remove_package(pkg_name: &str, bin_dir: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         println!("  data preserved at {}", data_dir.display());
     }
 
+    if !failures.is_empty() {
+        eprintln!("  failed to remove {} binary/binaries:", failures.len());
+        for f in &failures {
+            eprintln!("    {f}");
+        }
+        bail!("{pkg_name} removed from state, but some binaries could not be deleted");
+    }
+
     println!("  {pkg_name} removed");
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -130,6 +209,7 @@ fn scaffold_config(cfg: &crate::manifest::ConfigScaffold, pkg: &Package) -> Resu
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir)?;
 
     if let Some(example) = &cfg.example {
+        ensure_safe_component(example, "config.example")?;
         let dest = dir.join(example);
         if !dest.exists() {
             if let Some((primary, fallback)) = pkg.artifact_urls(example) {
@@ -217,6 +297,7 @@ fn fetch_verify_write(
 }
 
 fn install_license(pkg: &Package, filename: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure_safe_component(filename, "license_file")?;
     let dest = dirs::data_dir()
         .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("~/.local/share"))
         .join("licenses")
@@ -226,6 +307,7 @@ fn install_license(pkg: &Package, filename: &str) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn install_desktop_file(pkg: &Package, filename: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure_safe_component(filename, "desktop_file")?;
     let dest = dirs::data_dir()
         .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("~/.local/share"))
         .join("applications")
@@ -234,6 +316,7 @@ fn install_desktop_file(pkg: &Package, filename: &str) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn install_data_archive(pkg: &Package, filename: &str) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure_safe_component(filename, "data_archive")?;
     let data_dir = dirs::data_dir()
         .unwrap_or_else(|| PathBuf::from("~/.local/share"))
         .join(&pkg.name);
@@ -253,7 +336,15 @@ fn fetch_extract_archive(
     sha256: &Option<String>,
     dest_dir: &Path,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let tmp_archive = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("bakery-{}-{filename}", pkg.name));
+    // A securely-named, process-unique temp file — the old
+    // `std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("bakery-{name}-{filename}"))` was a
+    // predictable path on a shared /tmp, so another local user could
+    // pre-plant a symlink there for `fetch_verify_write`'s write to follow.
+    let tmp_archive = tempfile::Builder::new()
+        .prefix(&format!("bakery-{}-", pkg.name))
+        .tempfile()
+        .context("creating temp file for archive download")?
+        .into_temp_path();
 
     fetch_verify_write(pkg, filename, sha256, &tmp_archive, "data archive")?;
     if !tmp_archive.exists() {
@@ -261,13 +352,21 @@ fn fetch_extract_archive(
         return Ok(());
     }
 
+    verify_archive_paths(&tmp_archive)?;
+
     std::fs::create_dir_all(dest_dir)?;
     let status = Command::new("tar")
-        .args(["xzf", &tmp_archive.to_string_lossy(), "-C"])
+        .args([
+            "xzf",
+            &tmp_archive.to_string_lossy(),
+            "--no-same-owner",
+            "--no-same-permissions",
+            "-C",
+        ])
         .arg(dest_dir)
         .status()
         .with_context(|| format!("running tar to extract {filename}"))?;
-    let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&tmp_archive);
+    // `tmp_archive` (a `TempPath` guard) deletes the file when it drops here.
 
     if status.success() {
         println!("  extracted {filename} to {}", dest_dir.display());
@@ -277,44 +376,99 @@ fn fetch_extract_archive(
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Lists `archive_path`'s contents via `tar tvf` and rejects the archive
+/// outright (no extraction) if any entry is a symlink or has an unsafe path
+/// (`..` component, or absolute). `--no-same-owner --no-same-permissions` on
+/// the actual extraction covers ownership/permission escalation, but not a
+/// symlink or `../` entry walking the extraction outside `dest_dir` — this
+/// closes that gap before `tar` ever touches disk.
+fn verify_archive_paths(archive_path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
+    let output = Command::new("tar")
+        .arg("tvf")
+        .arg(archive_path)
+        .output()
+        .context("listing archive contents")?;
+    if !output.status.success() {
+        bail!(
+            "tar tvf exited with {} listing archive contents — refusing to extract",
+            output.status
+        );
+    }
+
+    let listing = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout);
+    for line in listing.lines() {
+        if line.trim().is_empty() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // tar -tvf: `<perms> <owner>/<group> <size> <date> <time> <path>`,
+        // with symlinks rendered as `<path> -> <target>`.
+        let perms = line.split_whitespace().next().unwrap_or("");
+        let is_symlink = perms.starts_with('l');
+
+        let mut rest = line;
+        for _ in 0..5 {
+            let trimmed = rest.trim_start();
+            let idx = trimmed.find(char::is_whitespace).unwrap_or(trimmed.len());
+            rest = &trimmed[idx..];
+        }
+        let path_field = rest.trim_start();
+        let path = path_field.split(" -> ").next().unwrap_or(path_field).trim();
+
+        if is_symlink {
+            bail!("refusing to extract archive: entry '{path}' is a symlink");
+        }
+        if path.starts_with('/') || path.split('/').any(|c| c == "..") {
+            bail!("refusing to extract archive: entry '{path}' has an unsafe path");
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+/// Downloads and checksum-verifies `svc.unit`'s artifact.
+fn fetch_and_verify_unit(pkg: &Package, svc: &Service) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
+    let (primary, fallback) = pkg
+        .artifact_urls(&svc.unit)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("no artifact URL to download {}", svc.unit))?;
+    let bytes = fetch_binary(&primary, &fallback)?;
+    verify_sha256(&bytes, &svc.sha256)?;
+    Ok(bytes)
+}
+
 fn install_service(svc: &Service, bin_dir: &Path, pkg: &Package) -> Result<()> {
+    ensure_safe_component(&svc.unit, "service unit")?;
+
     let service_dir = systemd_user_dir();
     std::fs::create_dir_all(&service_dir)?;
 
     let unit_path = service_dir.join(&svc.unit);
+    let had_existing = unit_path.exists();
 
-    // Download the unit file if not already present.
+    // Always re-fetch and overwrite — the old `if !unit_path.exists()` gate
-    if !unit_path.exists() {
+    // meant `Environment=`/`Restart=`/etc changes in a new release never
-        if let Some((primary, fallback)) = pkg.artifact_urls(&svc.unit) {
+    // applied after the first install, unlike binaries (which always
-            match fetch_binary(&primary, &fallback) {
+    // re-fetch via `fetch_and_place` on every install/update). If the fetch
-                Ok(bytes) => match verify_sha256(&bytes, &svc.sha256) {
+    // or checksum fails, fall back to whatever's already on disk rather than
-                    Ok(()) => {
+    // regressing offline/flaky-network reliability.
-                        std::fs::write(&unit_path, &bytes)
+    match fetch_and_verify_unit(pkg, svc) {
-                            .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", unit_path.display()))?;
+        Ok(bytes) => {
-                        println!("  downloaded unit {}", unit_path.display());
+            std::fs::write(&unit_path, &bytes)
-                    }
+                .with_context(|| format!("writing {}", unit_path.display()))?;
-                    Err(e) => {
+            println!("  downloaded unit {}", unit_path.display());
-                        eprintln!(
+        }
-                            "  warning: checksum mismatch for unit {}: {e} — not installed",
+        Err(e) => {
-                            svc.unit
+            if had_existing {
-                        );
+                eprintln!(
-                    }
+                    "  warning: could not refresh unit {} ({e}) — keeping existing copy",
-                },
+                    svc.unit
-                Err(e) => {
+                );
-                    eprintln!("  warning: could not download {}: {e}", svc.unit);
+            } else {
-                }
+                eprintln!(
-            }
+                    "  warning: unit file {} not found ({e}) — skipping service setup",
-        } else {
+                    svc.unit
-            eprintln!("  warning: no artifact URL to download {}", svc.unit);
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            }
         }
-    }
-
-    if !unit_path.exists() {
-        eprintln!(
-            "  warning: unit file {} not found — skipping service setup",
-            svc.unit
-        );
-        return Ok(());
     }
 
     patch_exec_start(&unit_path, bin_dir)?;
@@ -408,13 +562,8 @@ fn run_hook(cmd: &str, pkg_name: &str) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn confirm_remove_unit(unit: &str) -> bool {
+fn confirm_remove_unit(unit: &str, assume_yes: bool) -> bool {
-    use std::io::{self, Write};
+    confirm(&format!("  remove systemd unit {unit}?"), assume_yes)
-    print!("  remove systemd unit {unit}? [y/N] ");
-    io::stdout().flush().ok();
-    let mut buf = String::new();
-    io::stdin().read_line(&mut buf).ok();
-    matches!(buf.trim().to_lowercase().as_str(), "y" | "yes")
 }
 
 fn systemd_user_dir() -> PathBuf {
@@ -644,6 +793,105 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(fs::read(&extracted).unwrap(), b"[[step]]\n");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn fetch_extract_archive_rejects_symlink_entries() {
+        let src = tempdir().unwrap();
+        std::os::unix::fs::symlink("/etc/passwd", src.path().join("evil")).unwrap();
+        let archive_path = src.path().join("evil.tar.gz");
+        let status = Command::new("tar")
+            .args(["czf"])
+            .arg(&archive_path)
+            .args(["-C"])
+            .arg(src.path())
+            .arg("evil")
+            .status()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(status.success());
+        let archive_bytes = fs::read(&archive_path).unwrap();
+
+        let sha256_hex = hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&archive_bytes));
+        let base_url = serve_once_owned(archive_bytes);
+        let pkg = test_package(&base_url);
+
+        let dest_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let err = fetch_extract_archive(&pkg, "evil.tar.gz", &Some(sha256_hex), dest_dir.path())
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("symlink"));
+        assert!(!dest_dir.path().join("evil").exists());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn fetch_extract_archive_rejects_parent_traversal_entries() {
+        // tar happily stores a `../`-prefixed member name if asked with -P
+        // (disable the security checks that would otherwise strip it) —
+        // this is the shape of archive our own pre-extraction check has to
+        // catch, since `--no-same-owner`/`--no-same-permissions` alone don't.
+        let src = tempdir().unwrap();
+        fs::create_dir_all(src.path().join("payload")).unwrap();
+        fs::write(src.path().join("payload/../escape.txt"), b"pwned").unwrap();
+        let archive_path = src.path().join("evil.tar.gz");
+        let status = Command::new("tar")
+            .args(["czf"])
+            .arg(&archive_path)
+            .args(["-C"])
+            .arg(src.path())
+            .arg("-P")
+            .arg("payload/../escape.txt")
+            .status()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(status.success());
+        let archive_bytes = fs::read(&archive_path).unwrap();
+
+        let sha256_hex = hex::encode(sha2::Sha256::digest(&archive_bytes));
+        let base_url = serve_once_owned(archive_bytes);
+        let pkg = test_package(&base_url);
+
+        let dest_dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let err = fetch_extract_archive(&pkg, "evil.tar.gz", &Some(sha256_hex), dest_dir.path())
+            .unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("unsafe path"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_safe_component_accepts_plain_names() {
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("breadhelp", "x").is_ok());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("LICENSE", "x").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn ensure_safe_component_rejects_traversal_and_separators() {
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("", "x").is_err());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component(".", "x").is_err());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("..", "x").is_err());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("a/b", "x").is_err());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("a\\b", "x").is_err());
+        assert!(ensure_safe_component("../../etc/passwd", "x").is_err());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn install_package_rejects_unsafe_package_name() {
+        let base_url = serve_once(b"unused");
+        let mut pkg = test_package(&base_url);
+        pkg.name = "../evil".to_string();
+        let dir = tempdir().unwrap();
+        let err = install_package(&pkg, dir.path(), Track::Stable, true, true).unwrap_err();
+        assert!(err.to_string().contains("not a safe filename"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn confirm_returns_true_when_assume_yes() {
+        assert!(confirm("anything", true));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn confirm_returns_false_when_not_assume_yes_and_stdin_not_a_tty() {
+        // The test harness's stdin is never an interactive terminal, so this
+        // must answer "no" rather than block on a read that never resolves
+        // (the CI-hang bug `confirm` replaces `confirm_remove_unit`'s old
+        // unconditional stdin read to fix).
+        assert!(!confirm("anything", false));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn strip_known_suffixes() {
         assert_eq!(strip_arch_suffix("breadd-x86_64"), "breadd");

bakery/src/main.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,12 @@ struct Cli {
     /// Override the directory where binaries are installed
     #[arg(long, env = "BAKERY_BIN_DIR", global = true)]
     bin_dir: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// Skip post_install hooks entirely
+    #[arg(long, global = true)]
+    no_hooks: bool,
+    /// Assume yes to interactive prompts
+    #[arg(short = 'y', long = "yes", global = true)]
+    yes: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(Subcommand)]
@@ -82,27 +88,31 @@ fn default_bin_dir() -> PathBuf {
 fn main() -> Result<()> {
     let cli = Cli::parse();
     let bin_dir = cli.bin_dir.unwrap_or_else(default_bin_dir);
+    let no_hooks = cli.no_hooks;
+    let assume_yes = cli.yes;
     let track = state::State::load()?.track;
 
     match cli.command {
         Cmd::Install { packages } => {
             let index = manifest::load(true, track)?;
             for pkg in &packages {
-                cmd_install(&index, pkg, &bin_dir)?;
+                cmd_install(&index, pkg, &bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes)?;
             }
             Ok(())
         }
-        Cmd::Remove { package } => cmd_remove(&package, &bin_dir),
+        Cmd::Remove { package } => cmd_remove(&package, &bin_dir, assume_yes),
-        Cmd::Update { package, all } => cmd_update(package.as_deref(), all, &bin_dir, track),
+        Cmd::Update { package, all } => {
+            cmd_update(package.as_deref(), all, &bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes)
+        }
         Cmd::List { installed } => cmd_list(installed, track),
         Cmd::Info { package } => cmd_info(&package, track),
-        Cmd::Doctor { package } => cmd_doctor(package.as_deref(), track),
+        Cmd::Doctor { package } => cmd_doctor(package.as_deref(), track, &bin_dir),
         Cmd::Track { action } => cmd_track(action),
     }
 }
 
 fn cmd_track(action: TrackCmd) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut state = state::State::load()?;
+    let state = state::State::load()?;
     match action {
         TrackCmd::Show => {
             println!("current track: {}", ui::style(state.track.as_str(), ui::CYAN));
@@ -116,8 +126,10 @@ fn cmd_track(action: TrackCmd) -> Result<()> {
             // recording a preference bakery can't actually serve.
             manifest::load(true, track)
                 .with_context(|| format!("could not validate {track} track, not switching"))?;
-            state.set_track(track);
+            state::State::with_lock(|state| {
-            state.save()?;
+                state.set_track(track);
+                Ok(())
+            })?;
             println!(
                 "switched to {} — run 'bakery update --all' to install {} builds",
                 ui::style(track.as_str(), ui::CYAN),
@@ -128,17 +140,29 @@ fn cmd_track(action: TrackCmd) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn cmd_install(index: &manifest::Index, name: &str, bin_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<()> {
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn cmd_install(
+    index: &manifest::Index,
+    name: &str,
+    bin_dir: &std::path::Path,
+    track: Track,
+    no_hooks: bool,
+    assume_yes: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
     let mut visited = HashSet::new();
-    install_with_deps(index, name, bin_dir, &mut visited)
+    install_with_deps(index, name, bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes, &mut visited)
 }
 
 /// Recursively installs `name` and any bread_deps, skipping already-installed
 /// packages. The `visited` set prevents cycles.
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
 fn install_with_deps(
     index: &manifest::Index,
     name: &str,
     bin_dir: &std::path::Path,
+    track: Track,
+    no_hooks: bool,
+    assume_yes: bool,
     visited: &mut HashSet<String>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
     if !visited.insert(name.to_string()) {
@@ -154,7 +178,21 @@ fn install_with_deps(
     for dep in pkg.bread_deps.clone() {
         if !state.is_installed(&dep) {
             println!("installing bread dependency: {dep}");
-            install_with_deps(index, &dep, bin_dir, visited)?;
+            install_with_deps(index, &dep, bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes, visited)?;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Already installed and not older than the index — nothing to do. This
+    // doubles as the implicit upgrade path when the index has something
+    // newer, so `bakery install <pkg>` is safe to run repeatedly instead of
+    // silently reinstalling (and potentially downgrading) every time.
+    if let Some(installed) = state.packages.get(name) {
+        if !is_newer(&installed.version, &pkg.version) {
+            println!(
+                "{name} already installed at {} (index has {})",
+                installed.version, pkg.version
+            );
+            return Ok(());
         }
     }
 
@@ -169,14 +207,22 @@ fn install_with_deps(
         bail!("system deps not satisfied");
     }
 
-    install::install_package(pkg, bin_dir)
+    install::install_package(pkg, bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes)
 }
 
-fn cmd_remove(name: &str, bin_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<()> {
+fn cmd_remove(name: &str, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, assume_yes: bool) -> Result<()> {
-    install::remove_package(name, bin_dir)
+    install::remove_package(name, bin_dir, assume_yes)
 }
 
-fn cmd_update(name: Option<&str>, all: bool, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, track: Track) -> Result<()> {
+#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+fn cmd_update(
+    name: Option<&str>,
+    all: bool,
+    bin_dir: &std::path::Path,
+    track: Track,
+    no_hooks: bool,
+    assume_yes: bool,
+) -> Result<()> {
     let index = manifest::load(true, track)?;
     let state = state::State::load()?;
 
@@ -197,6 +243,7 @@ fn cmd_update(name: Option<&str>, all: bool, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, track: T
             Some(p) => p,
             None => {
                 eprintln!("{pkg_name} is not installed, skipping");
+                any_failed = true;
                 continue;
             }
         };
@@ -204,21 +251,38 @@ fn cmd_update(name: Option<&str>, all: bool, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, track: T
             Some(p) => p,
             None => {
                 eprintln!("{pkg_name} not found in index, skipping");
+                any_failed = true;
                 continue;
             }
         };
 
-        if !is_newer(&installed.version, &latest.version) {
+        // A track switch is an explicit user action ("bakery track set beta
+        // && bakery update --all") and must always take effect, even if the
+        // new track's current build happens to be same-or-lower by strict
+        // semver than what's installed (e.g. switching stable -> dev, or a
+        // beta RC that shares a base version with the installed stable).
+        let track_switch = installed.track != track;
+        if !should_update(&installed.version, installed.track, track, &latest.version) {
             println!("{}", ui::style(&format!("{pkg_name} is already at {}", installed.version), ui::GREEN));
             continue;
         }
 
-        println!(
+        if track_switch {
-            "updating {pkg_name} {} {} {}",
+            println!(
-            ui::style(&installed.version, ui::DIM),
+                "{pkg_name} switching track {} {} {}, installing {}",
-            ui::style("→", ui::CYAN),
+                ui::style(installed.track.as_str(), ui::DIM),
-            ui::style(&latest.version, ui::BOLD)
+                ui::style("→", ui::CYAN),
-        );
+                ui::style(track.as_str(), ui::BOLD),
+                ui::style(&latest.version, ui::BOLD)
+            );
+        } else {
+            println!(
+                "updating {pkg_name} {} {} {}",
+                ui::style(&installed.version, ui::DIM),
+                ui::style("→", ui::CYAN),
+                ui::style(&latest.version, ui::BOLD)
+            );
+        }
 
         let rep = match doctor::check_deps(&latest.system_deps, &latest.optional_system_deps) {
             Ok(r) => r,
@@ -240,7 +304,7 @@ fn cmd_update(name: Option<&str>, all: bool, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, track: T
             continue;
         }
 
-        if let Err(e) = install::install_package(latest, bin_dir) {
+        if let Err(e) = install::install_package(latest, bin_dir, track, no_hooks, assume_yes) {
             eprintln!("  failed to update {pkg_name}: {e}");
             any_failed = true;
         }
@@ -252,6 +316,16 @@ fn cmd_update(name: Option<&str>, all: bool, bin_dir: &std::path::Path, track: T
     Ok(())
 }
 
+/// Whether `pkg_name` should be updated: always true on a track switch
+/// (an explicit user action that must take effect regardless of version
+/// ordering), otherwise a real semver comparison via [`is_newer`].
+fn should_update(installed_version: &str, installed_track: Track, active_track: Track, latest_version: &str) -> bool {
+    if installed_track != active_track {
+        return true;
+    }
+    is_newer(installed_version, latest_version)
+}
+
 /// Is `latest` newer than `installed`? Real semver comparison — the
 /// previous plain string-equality check couldn't tell "different" from
 /// "actually newer", so it would happily "update" a package to a lexically
@@ -264,8 +338,8 @@ fn is_newer(installed: &str, latest: &str) -> bool {
         _ => {
             if installed != latest {
                 eprintln!(
-                    "  warning: '{installed}' or '{latest}' is not valid semver, \
+                    "  warning: cannot determine if '{latest}' is newer than '{installed}' \
-                     falling back to a plain inequality check"
+                     (not valid semver) — proceeding on inequality alone, this could be a downgrade"
                 );
             }
             installed != latest
@@ -351,7 +425,7 @@ fn cmd_info(name: &str, track: Track) -> Result<()> {
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn cmd_doctor(name: Option<&str>, track: Track) -> Result<()> {
+fn cmd_doctor(name: Option<&str>, track: Track, bin_dir: &std::path::Path) -> Result<()> {
     let index = manifest::load(false, track)?;
     let state = state::State::load()?;
 
@@ -380,6 +454,27 @@ fn cmd_doctor(name: Option<&str>, track: Track) -> Result<()> {
             eprintln!("  {pkg_name}: not found in index (removed from registry?)");
             all_ok = false;
         }
+
+        // System-deps checks alone can't catch a partially-broken install
+        // (e.g. a binary manually deleted after install) — also confirm
+        // every binary this package recorded is still on disk. Existence
+        // only, not a checksum re-verification — that's the scope of a
+        // future `bakery verify` command.
+        if let Some(installed) = state.packages.get(pkg_name) {
+            for bin in &installed.binaries {
+                let path = bin_dir.join(bin);
+                if !path.exists() {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "  {}",
+                        ui::fail(&format!(
+                            "{pkg_name}: recorded binary '{bin}' is missing at {}",
+                            path.display()
+                        ))
+                    );
+                    all_ok = false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     if all_ok {
@@ -420,4 +515,22 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(is_newer("weird-version-1", "weird-version-2"));
         assert!(!is_newer("weird-version-1", "weird-version-1"));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_update_true_on_track_switch_even_if_not_newer_by_semver() {
+        // "bakery track set stable && bakery update --all" from beta must
+        // always take effect, even though 0.3.0 < 0.4.0-beta by strict semver.
+        assert!(should_update("0.4.0-beta", Track::Beta, Track::Stable, "0.3.0"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_update_false_when_same_track_and_not_newer() {
+        assert!(!should_update("0.3.1", Track::Stable, Track::Stable, "0.3.1"));
+        assert!(!should_update("0.3.2", Track::Dev, Track::Dev, "0.3.1"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn should_update_true_when_same_track_and_newer() {
+        assert!(should_update("0.3.1", Track::Stable, Track::Stable, "0.3.2"));
+    }
 }

bakery/src/manifest.rs

@@ -190,7 +190,25 @@ pub fn load(force_refresh: bool, track: Track) -> Result<Index> {
         }
     }
 
-    fetch_and_cache(&cache_path, &sig_cache_path, track)
+    match fetch_and_cache(&cache_path, &sig_cache_path, track) {
+        Ok(index) => Ok(index),
+        Err(fetch_err) => {
+            // A network error shouldn't be a hard failure when a valid
+            // signed cache is sitting right there on disk, even if it's
+            // stale (or freshness was never checked because force_refresh
+            // was set) — fall back to it rather than bricking the CLI.
+            match read_and_verify_cache(&cache_path, &sig_cache_path, track) {
+                Ok(index) => {
+                    eprintln!(
+                        "  warning: could not refresh {track} index ({fetch_err}) — \
+                         using possibly-stale cached index"
+                    );
+                    Ok(index)
+                }
+                Err(_) => Err(fetch_err),
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 fn read_and_verify_cache(
@@ -227,11 +245,10 @@ fn fetch_and_cache(cache_path: &PathBuf, sig_cache_path: &PathBuf, track: Track)
     verify_index_signature(&bytes, &sig_text)
         .with_context(|| format!("freshly fetched {track} index failed signature verification"))?;
 
-    if let Some(dir) = cache_path.parent() {
+    bread_utils::atomic::write_atomic_bytes(cache_path, &bytes, None)
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("writing cached {track} index"))?;
-    }
+    bread_utils::atomic::write_atomic_bytes(sig_cache_path, sig_text.as_bytes(), None)
-    std::fs::write(cache_path, &bytes)?;
+        .with_context(|| format!("writing cached {track} index signature"))?;
-    std::fs::write(sig_cache_path, &sig_text)?;
     serde_json::from_slice(&bytes).context("parsing index.json")
 }
 
@@ -242,11 +259,8 @@ fn sig_cache_path(cache_path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
 }
 
 fn fetch_text(url: &str) -> Result<String> {
-    ureq::get(url)
+    let bytes = fetch_bytes(url)?;
-        .call()
+    String::from_utf8(bytes).context("response is not valid UTF-8")
-        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{e}"))?
-        .into_string()
-        .context("reading response body")
 }
 
 /// Cache filename for `track`. `Stable` keeps the pre-track filename
@@ -279,6 +293,10 @@ pub fn fetch_binary(primary_url: &str, fallback_url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     }
 }
 
+/// Comfortably above any real bakery artifact — caps how much of a response
+/// gets buffered into memory before any trust check runs on it.
+const MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES: u64 = 256 * 1024 * 1024;
+
 fn fetch_bytes(url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     use std::io::Read;
     let resp = ureq::get(url)
@@ -290,8 +308,12 @@ fn fetch_bytes(url: &str) -> Result<Vec<u8>> {
     }
     let mut buf = Vec::new();
     resp.into_reader()
+        .take(MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES + 1)
         .read_to_end(&mut buf)
         .context("reading response")?;
+    if buf.len() as u64 > MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES {
+        bail!("response from {url} exceeds the {MAX_RESPONSE_BYTES}-byte limit");
+    }
     Ok(buf)
 }
 

bakery/src/state.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::track::Track;
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
+use fs4::FileExt;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::PathBuf;
@@ -11,6 +12,11 @@ pub struct InstalledPackage {
     pub binaries: Vec<String>,
     pub services: Vec<String>,
     pub installed_at: String,
+    // `#[serde(default)]` so an installed.json written before per-package
+    // track tracking existed still deserializes — defaults to Stable, same
+    // convention as `State.track` above.
+    #[serde(default)]
+    pub track: Track,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
@@ -35,16 +41,37 @@ impl State {
 
     pub fn save(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let path = state_path();
-        if let Some(dir) = path.parent() {
+        let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(self)?;
+        bread_utils::atomic::write_atomic(&path, &text, None)
+            .context("writing installed.json")
+    }
+
+    /// Runs `f` against a freshly-loaded `State` while holding an exclusive
+    /// lock on a sibling `installed.json.lock` file, saving the result if `f`
+    /// succeeds. Without this, two concurrent `bakery` invocations each
+    /// load-mutate-save `installed.json` independently and the second save
+    /// silently drops the first's change — the lock serializes the whole
+    /// read-modify-write instead of just the final write.
+    pub fn with_lock<T>(f: impl FnOnce(&mut State) -> Result<T>) -> Result<T> {
+        let lock_path = PathBuf::from(format!("{}.lock", state_path().display()));
+        if let Some(dir) = lock_path.parent() {
             std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)?;
         }
-        let text = serde_json::to_string_pretty(self)?;
+        let lock_file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
-        // Write to a temp file then rename for atomicity — avoids a torn write
+            .create(true)
-        // if the process is killed mid-save.
+            .write(true)
-        let tmp = path.with_extension("tmp");
+            .truncate(false)
-        std::fs::write(&tmp, &text).context("writing installed.json.tmp")?;
+            .open(&lock_path)
-        std::fs::rename(&tmp, &path).context("atomically replacing installed.json")?;
+            .context("opening installed.json.lock")?;
-        Ok(())
+        lock_file
+            .lock_exclusive()
+            .context("locking installed.json.lock")?;
+
+        let mut state = Self::load()?;
+        let result = f(&mut state)?;
+        state.save()?;
+        // Lock releases when `lock_file` drops at end of scope.
+        Ok(result)
     }
 
     pub fn is_installed(&self, name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -85,6 +112,7 @@ mod tests {
             binaries: vec![],
             services: vec![],
             installed_at: "2026-01-01T00:00:00Z".to_string(),
+            track: Track::Stable,
         }
     }
 
@@ -137,11 +165,41 @@ mod tests {
             binaries: vec!["bar".to_string()],
             services: vec!["bar.service".to_string()],
             installed_at: "2026-06-01T00:00:00Z".to_string(),
+            track: Track::Beta,
         });
         let json = serde_json::to_string(&state).unwrap();
         let restored: State = serde_json::from_str(&json).unwrap();
         assert!(restored.is_installed("bar"));
         assert_eq!(restored.packages["bar"].version, "2.0.0");
         assert_eq!(restored.packages["bar"].services, ["bar.service"]);
+        assert_eq!(restored.packages["bar"].track, Track::Beta);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn installed_package_track_defaults_to_stable_on_old_shape_json() {
+        // Simulates an installed.json entry written before per-package track
+        // tracking existed.
+        let old_shape = r#"{"name":"foo","version":"1.0.0","binaries":[],"services":[],"installed_at":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z"}"#;
+        let installed: InstalledPackage = serde_json::from_str(old_shape).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(installed.track, Track::Stable);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_lock_persists_mutation_across_reload() {
+        let dir = tempfile::tempdir().unwrap();
+        // SAFETY (test-only): temporarily redirects the state dir env var so
+        // this test doesn't touch the real ~/.local/state/bakery/installed.json.
+        std::env::set_var("XDG_STATE_HOME", dir.path());
+
+        State::with_lock(|state| {
+            state.record(pkg("foo", "1.0.0"));
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .unwrap();
+
+        let reloaded = State::load().unwrap();
+        assert!(reloaded.is_installed("foo"));
+
+        std::env::remove_var("XDG_STATE_HOME");
     }
 }

scripts/gen-index.sh

@@ -333,7 +333,8 @@ jq -n \
     --arg generated_at "$(date -u +"%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ")" \
     --argjson packages "${packages_json}" \
     '{version: $version, generated_at: $generated_at, packages: $packages}' \
-    > "${OUT}"
+    > "${OUT}.tmp"
+mv -f "${OUT}.tmp" "${OUT}"
 
 echo "wrote ${OUT}"
 
@@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ if [[ -n "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY:-}" ]]; then
         echo "ERROR: MINISIGN_SEC_KEY is set but the 'minisign' binary is not installed" >&2
         exit 1
     fi
-    sign_args=(-S -s "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY}" -m "${OUT}" -x "${OUT}.minisig")
+    sign_args=(-S -s "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY}" -m "${OUT}" -x "${OUT}.minisig.tmp")
     if [[ -n "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PASSWORD:-}" ]]; then
         MINISIGN_PASSWORD="${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY_PASSWORD}" minisign "${sign_args[@]}" </dev/null
     else
@@ -368,6 +369,7 @@ if [[ -n "${MINISIGN_SEC_KEY:-}" ]]; then
         # normally generated, since there's no human to type a passphrase).
         minisign -W "${sign_args[@]}" </dev/null
     fi
+    mv -f "${OUT}.minisig.tmp" "${OUT}.minisig"
     echo "signed ${OUT} -> ${OUT}.minisig"
 else
     echo "WARNING: MINISIGN_SEC_KEY not set — index.json was NOT signed." >&2